OHI 2019: Summary of results

This document describes results from the OHI 2019 global assessment. This is mostly an internal document to explore and check results. It also creates the figures used on the website and in other documents.

Primary dataset

These data are the OHI scores for the eez regions of 220 countries and territories from 2012 to 2018. keep changing the date in this link as scores are updated

Region 0 is the global average scores, which are calculated using an area-weighted average of the region scores (status, likely future state, and score).

OHI scores

Global summary

This section describes global patterns in index and goal scores. The overall global score was 70.28.

Average global performance of the 10 goals.

Flower plots for each region can be downloaded from here

Country summary

Country index scores for 2019. Maps describing goal and index scores can be downloaded from here.

Distribution of country index scores. The median index score among countries was 67.2.

The regions with index scores of 80 or greater are:

region_name	Index
Heard and McDonald Islands	95.41
Kerguelen Islands	90.49
Howland Island and Baker Island	90.49
Crozet Islands	86.19
Amsterdam Island and Saint Paul Island	85.94
Germany	85.90
Glorioso Islands	84.92
Clipperton Island	84.54
Seychelles	83.83
Bahamas	83.49
South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands	83.12
Pitcairn	83.10
Christmas Island	83.01
Ile Europa	82.58
Norfolk Island	82.38
New Caledonia	81.94
United Arab Emirates	81.94
Greenland	81.84
Cocos Islands	80.76
Northern Saint-Martin	80.16
Italy	80.11

The regions with index scores of 50 or less are:

region_name	Index
Somalia	49.91
Bosnia and Herzegovina	48.70
Guinea Bissau	48.05
Democratic Republic of the Congo	47.75
Guinea	47.56
Syria	47.12
Ivory Coast	46.92
Lebanon	46.49
Sierra Leone	45.89
Nicaragua	44.78

Country scores across scenario year

Carpet plot figure (download as high resolution png) providing an overview of the scores from the 2019 assessment. Each row represents a region, the main groupings represent goals, and within each goal there are 7 years of data. Black regions indicate no data.

Don’t try too hard to interpret the results for specific countries/goals/years!!

This plot is good for providing a quick overview of:

• What is the range of scores?
• Which goals tend to have high scores across most regions (species, habitat)
• Which goals have a lot of variation across regions (tourism & recreation, lasting special places)
• Which goals are volatile across years (natural products, tourism & recreation)

Data

This interactive table describes the index and goal scores for the regions in 2019 (or, download csv version):

OHI Trends

Trend values are slope estimates from a linear model of scores for each region/goal over the past 7 years. Positive values indicate increasing scores during the past 7 years and negative values indicate decreasing scores.

A color-coded table of trend values for each country is available here (as well as a csv file).

NOTE: Currently, these data include the livelihoods and economies goal but these results should be viewed sceptically because these data were last updated for the 2013 assessment. Many other goals contain components with poor data resolution (i.e., infrequently, or never, measured over time).

Global summary

The following table provides the global scores (eez area weighted average of region scores) for the Index and goals/subgoals for all years.

Table View

goal	2012	2013	2014	2015	2016	2017	2018	2019
Index	69.49	70.13	70.37	70.43	70.46	70.18	70.35	70.28
Artisanal opportunities	75.59	75.92	76.20	76.31	76.44	76.57	76.78	77.05
Species condition (subgoal)	84.58	84.44	84.34	84.24	84.20	84.11	84.05	83.97
Biodiversity	87.62	87.53	87.73	87.75	87.78	87.61	87.67	87.58
Habitat (subgoal)	90.67	90.64	91.13	91.29	91.37	91.13	91.30	91.21
Coastal protection	88.15	88.06	88.04	87.82	87.46	86.64	86.33	86.00
Carbon storage	79.20	79.12	79.16	79.15	79.19	79.22	79.22	79.24
Clean water	69.40	69.27	69.37	69.69	69.91	70.13	70.16	70.17
Fisheries (subgoal)	51.87	53.24	53.69	52.77	51.73	50.53	51.20	51.53
Food provision	50.23	51.15	51.56	50.69	49.66	48.53	48.99	49.35
Mariculture (subgoal)	5.83	5.79	5.77	5.74	5.79	5.85	5.98	6.12
Iconic species (subgoal)	66.31	67.36	67.44	67.95	67.04	66.94	68.01	66.35
Sense of place	62.03	62.52	62.91	63.31	63.23	64.33	64.94	64.07
Lasting special places (subgoal)	57.76	57.68	58.38	58.67	59.41	61.72	61.87	61.79
Natural products	51.40	51.71	51.84	51.69	51.76	49.93	51.21	50.31
Tourism & recreation	49.11	50.25	50.93	51.96	52.91	52.19	51.63	52.36

The following is a very preliminary analysis of how the global scores changed over time. Global index scores decreased by an average 0.07 points per year, with 92 regions having decreasing trends and 129 having increasing trends.

long_goal	average_change_per_year	p_value	num_rgns_pos_trend	num_rgns_neg_trend	mean_trend	sd_trend
Coastal protection	-0.34	0.0002	33	75	-0.07	0.50
Food provision	-0.32	0.0363	141	77	0.04	0.93
Fisheries (subgoal)	-0.27	0.0956	146	72	0.04	0.94
Natural products	-0.19	0.0896	53	72	-0.81	6.85
Species condition (subgoal)	-0.08	0.0000	41	176	-0.10	0.14
Biodiversity	0.00	0.9445	75	137	-0.05	0.37
Carbon storage	0.01	0.0477	47	51	0.00	0.08
Iconic species (subgoal)	0.01	0.9051	85	128	-0.05	0.49
Mariculture (subgoal)	0.04	0.0347	47	21	0.11	0.71
Livelihoods	0.06	0.0929	77	67	-0.04	0.85
Index	0.07	0.1428	128	92	0.06	0.64
Habitat (subgoal)	0.09	0.0362	81	77	0.01	0.69
Clean water	0.15	0.0004	108	103	0.04	0.85
Artisanal opportunities	0.19	0.0000	159	32	0.19	0.39
Livelihoods & economies	0.30	0.1249	133	42	0.19	0.73
Sense of place	0.36	0.0013	95	118	0.18	1.00
Tourism & recreation	0.41	0.0170	121	62	0.37	2.09
Economies	0.54	0.1289	116	20	0.43	0.98
Lasting special places (subgoal)	0.71	0.0004	72	41	0.41	1.99

Country summary

The global average decreased by an average of 0.07 points per year, but there was a good deal of variation in trend among regions and goals.

The following histogram describes the distribution of trend (e.g., change in score per year) in index scores:

The 10 regions with the largest increases in index scores are:

country	trend
Georgia	2.21
Clipperton Island	1.68
Nigeria	1.59
Samoa	1.51
Portugal	1.35
Pitcairn	1.32
Vanuatu	1.31
Mauritius	1.25
Turks and Caicos Islands	1.25
Latvia	1.19

The 10 regions with the largest decreases in index scores are:

	country	trend
211	Gilbert Islands (Kiribati)	-1.26
212	Bonaire	-1.30
213	Saba	-1.32
214	Sint Eustatius	-1.33
215	Estonia	-1.36
216	Palau	-1.37
217	Cayman Islands	-1.47
218	Sint Maarten	-1.54
219	Syria	-1.91
220	Eritrea	-2.58

Country change in goal

A heat map describing change in trend for country and goals:

A closer look at goals

This section takes a closer look at the goal/subgoal scores.

Scores

Goal/subgoal scores for the 2019 scenario.

Artisanal opportunities

Scores

Top 10 performers

region_name	score
United Arab Emirates	100.00
Qatar	100.00
Norway	100.00
Kuwait	100.00
United States	100.00
Brunei	100.00
Ireland	100.00
Cayman Islands	100.00
Singapore	100.00
Netherlands	98.44

Bottom 10 performers

	region_name	score
191	Sao Tome and Principe	46.28
192	Cameroon	45.84
193	Solomon Islands	45.38
194	Comoro Islands	45.04
195	Guinea	44.82
196	Benin	44.65
197	Madagascar	44.11
198	Mozambique	44.05
199	Liberia	43.34
200	Togo	43.29

Species condition

Scores

Top 10 performers

region_name	score
Northern Saint-Martin	94.78
Saba	94.18
Sint Eustatius	93.63
Sint Maarten	92.61
Montserrat	92.44
Australia	92.40
Romania	91.49
Heard and McDonald Islands	91.47
Belize	91.44
Taiwan	91.30

Bottom 10 performers

	region_name	score
211	Italy	72.16
212	Bosnia and Herzegovina	72.12
213	Israel	71.83
214	Malta	70.36
215	Cyprus	69.62
216	Syria	68.39
217	Lebanon	67.87
218	Algeria	65.18
219	Libya	64.48
220	Monaco	63.69

Habitat

Scores

Top 10 performers

region_name	score
Heard and McDonald Islands	100
Kerguelen Islands	100
Howland Island and Baker Island	100
Amsterdam Island and Saint Paul Island	100
Clipperton Island	100
Pitcairn	100
Norfolk Island	100
Bouvet Island	100
Macquarie Island	100
British Indian Ocean Territory	100

Bottom 10 performers

	region_name	score
209	Democratic Republic of the Congo	64.48
210	Ivory Coast	63.16
211	Senegal	62.65
212	Dominica	61.95
213	Belize	61.85
214	Iceland	58.65
215	Sierra Leone	56.31
216	Nigeria	55.02
217	Bosnia and Herzegovina	49.41
218	Jan Mayen	37.72

Coastal protection

Scores

Top 10 performers

region_name	score
Howland Island and Baker Island	100
Germany	100
Pitcairn	100
British Indian Ocean Territory	100
Wallis and Futuna	100
Phoenix Islands (Kiribati)	100
Netherlands	100
Denmark	100
Estonia	100
Saba	100

Bottom 10 performers

	region_name	score
158	Liberia	34.70
159	Ivory Coast	32.80
160	Sierra Leone	31.77
161	Guinea	31.33
162	Senegal	30.56
163	Guinea Bissau	30.25
164	Nicaragua	30.03
165	Democratic Republic of the Congo	29.78
166	Dominica	26.44
167	Belize	23.71

Carbon storage

Scores

Top 10 performers

region_name	score
Germany	100
Seychelles	100
Northern Saint-Martin	100
Netherlands	100
Puerto Rico and Virgin Islands of the United States	100
Denmark	100
Estonia	100
Russia	100
Saba	100
French Guiana	100

Bottom 10 performers

	region_name	score
139	Liberia	34.64
140	Senegal	33.73
141	Guinea	32.90
142	Sierra Leone	32.81
143	Ivory Coast	32.71
144	Guinea Bissau	30.50
145	Democratic Republic of the Congo	29.78
146	Barbados	27.01
147	Dominica	26.65
148	Nicaragua	9.73

Clean waters

Scores

Top 10 performers

region_name	score
Heard and McDonald Islands	99.71
Falkland Islands	98.96
Bouvet Island	98.91
South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands	98.89
Kerguelen Islands	98.78
Jarvis Island	98.38
Macquarie Island	98.13
Howland Island and Baker Island	97.90
Phoenix Islands (Kiribati)	96.82
Crozet Islands	96.77

Bottom 10 performers

	region_name	score
211	Belgium	31.90
212	Israel	30.22
213	India	29.52
214	Slovenia	28.35
215	Gilbert Islands (Kiribati)	28.15
216	Nauru	24.15
217	Benin	23.81
218	Togo	21.36
219	Gibraltar	19.60
220	Monaco	19.56

Fisheries

Scores

Top 10 performers

region_name	score
Clipperton Island	94.75
Heard and McDonald Islands	91.20
Kerguelen Islands	90.60
Amsterdam Island and Saint Paul Island	84.91
New Caledonia	84.83
Wake Island	83.55
Howland Island and Baker Island	82.81
Peru	82.74
Crozet Islands	82.04
British Indian Ocean Territory	81.74

Bottom 10 performers

	region_name	score
211	Tonga	15.66
212	Cayman Islands	14.14
213	Bangladesh	14.04
214	Samoa	12.71
215	Cambodia	11.42
216	Somalia	11.25
217	Myanmar	11.20
218	Haiti	9.81
219	Vietnam	9.62
220	North Korea	7.46

Mariculture

Scores

Top 10 performers

region_name	score
Netherlands	100
South Korea	100
Norway	100
Taiwan	100
Spain	100
Slovenia	100
Finland	100
Bulgaria	100
Singapore	100
China	100

Bottom 10 performers

	region_name	score
185	Haiti	0
186	Pakistan	0
187	Eritrea	0
188	Somalia	0
189	Guinea Bissau	0
190	Democratic Republic of the Congo	0
191	Guinea	0
192	Syria	0
193	Ivory Coast	0
194	Sierra Leone	0

Iconic species

Scores

Top 10 performers

region_name	score
Finland	96.15
Latvia	95.83
Lithuania	95.83
Poland	95.83
Estonia	95.45
Germany	93.24
Denmark	92.89
Sweden	92.22
Heard and McDonald Islands	90.00
Bouvet Island	90.00

Bottom 10 performers

	region_name	score
211	Vanuatu	54.09
212	Yemen	53.96
213	Sudan	53.84
214	Eritrea	53.62
215	Bosnia and Herzegovina	53.48
216	Myanmar	52.29
217	Thailand	51.05
218	Malta	50.86
219	Cambodia	45.74
220	Monaco	41.48

Lasting special places

Scores

Top 10 performers

region_name	score
Heard and McDonald Islands	100
Kerguelen Islands	100
Howland Island and Baker Island	100
Crozet Islands	100
Amsterdam Island and Saint Paul Island	100
Germany	100
Glorioso Islands	100
South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands	100
Ile Europa	100
Norfolk Island	100

Bottom 10 performers

	region_name	score
211	Gilbert Islands (Kiribati)	0
212	Nauru	0
213	Togo	0
214	Saint Helena	0
215	Iraq	0
216	Sudan	0
217	Benin	0
218	Libya	0
219	Eritrea	0
220	Syria	0

Natural products

Scores

Top 10 performers

region_name	score
Nigeria	99.99
Bahamas	99.95
Maldives	99.92
Iran	99.66
Trinidad and Tobago	98.47
French Polynesia	97.84
New Caledonia	95.67
Bangladesh	94.60
Italy	93.09
Indonesia	92.22

Bottom 10 performers

	region_name	score
116	Estonia	0.69
117	Jamaica	0.41
118	Saudi Arabia	0.04
119	Saba	0.00
120	Bonaire	0.00
121	Sint Maarten	0.00
122	Sint Eustatius	0.00
123	Cayman Islands	0.00
124	Cambodia	0.00
125	Eritrea	0.00

Tourism and recreation

Scores

Top 10 performers

region_name	score
Seychelles	100
Bahamas	100
Northern Saint-Martin	100
Aruba	100
Turks and Caicos Islands	100
New Zealand	100
Malta	100
Saba	100
Curacao	100
Bonaire	100

Bottom 10 performers

	region_name	score
191	Democratic Republic of the Congo	0.33
192	Iran	0.00
193	Venezuela	0.00
194	Yemen	0.00
195	North Korea	0.00
196	Iraq	0.00
197	Sudan	0.00
198	Libya	0.00
199	Somalia	0.00
200	Syria	0.00

Trends

Annual change in goal/subgoal scores calculated using a linear regression on scores from 2012 to 2019.

Other analyses

Comparing trend and average index scores

To obtain a more complete picture of which regions are doing well and which are doing poorly we compared the average index scores (averaged over 2012 to 2018) and the trends for each region.

Of most concern are regions that have poor scores and declining trends: Eritrea, Somalia, Ivory Coast, Nicaragua, and Lebanon.

The following is an interactive plot (region names are visible when hovering over the points) showing the relationship between average index scores and trend. The horizontal line represents the 0 trend and the vertical line is the average of the average index scores.

Comparing assessment years

The following is a comparison of the global status scores generated for the 2018 scenario by this year’s assessment vs. last year’s assessment.

If the models and source data remain the same, these scores should be exactly the same. Differences indicate changes in methods or source data.

These changes do not reflect changes in actual system health!

We made a few changes to some goals, such as the addition of edible seaweed species to Mariculture and removal of edible seaweed species from Natural Products. Furthermore we changed the data source used for Fisheries from SAUP to Watson. We also had fairly large changes to how we process species data.

long_goal	future	pressures	resilience	score	status	trend
Artisanal opportunities	-0.0760500	-1.6451818	0.6310455	-0.3597000	-0.6432500	0.0000500
Biodiversity	0.9051364	NaN	NaN	0.7090455	0.5130000	0.0015455
Carbon storage	0.1505405	-0.6517568	0.0995946	0.0758108	0.0000000	0.0000000
Clean water	-0.1481364	0.3664091	-0.0470909	-0.0314091	0.0857273	-0.0025000
Coastal protection	0.0680838	-0.2946471	0.0429412	0.0335329	0.0000000	0.0000000
Economies	0.1039706	-0.8439810	-0.0591818	0.0522549	0.0000000	0.0000000
Fisheries (subgoal)	0.5808182	-2.0222727	0.2344545	-0.1360455	-0.8531818	0.0477273
Food provision	0.5160731	NaN	NaN	-0.1589041	-0.8339726	0.0452055
Habitat (subgoal)	0.1739450	-0.8131193	0.1833028	0.0865138	0.0000000	0.0000000
Iconic species (subgoal)	2.9709091	-0.9850909	0.2210455	2.1524091	1.3347273	0.0314884
Index	1.1396818	NA	NA	0.9347273	NA	NA
Lasting special places (subgoal)	1.0054545	-0.4496818	-0.0472727	0.7975455	0.5895455	0.0142273
Livelihoods	0.0892157	-0.5429384	-0.0470455	0.0445588	0.0000000	0.0000000
Livelihoods & economies	0.0964216	NaN	NaN	0.0486275	0.0000000	0.0000000
Mariculture (subgoal)	-1.6770619	0.0478182	-0.0473636	-1.5128351	-1.3491237	0.0723196
Natural products	5.9646400	-0.6238462	0.2803077	5.4109600	4.8570400	0.0904839
Sense of place	1.9879545	NaN	NaN	1.4750000	0.9622273	0.0219091
Species condition (subgoal)	1.6093636	-1.4360455	-0.0157727	1.3055909	1.0010909	0.0031364
Tourism & recreation	-0.7936000	0.2389545	-0.0470909	-0.8579500	-0.9220500	0.0142500

Country data

The following interactive plot provides an overview of how the 2018 scenario scores changed between the 2018 and 2019 assessments for all goals and dimensions.

Additional exploration

Suggestions?